Flat-Faced Dog Breeds and Their Health Issues: What You Need to Consider as a Prospective Pup Parent
Are you considering a French Bulldog, Pug, Shih Tzu, or English Bulldog?
These breeds are at the top of the list in popularity across Canada. Flat-faced dog breeds, often called "brachycephalic" dogs, have become increasingly popular in recent years due to their adorable, expressive faces.
Some scientists have speculated that big, bulging eyes of these breeds resemble those of human infants and therefore, trigger an instinctive oxytocin-like response in their human companions. However, the very features that endear them to so many — those squished, flat faces with large eyes — also bring a host of health concerns. Before welcoming a flat-faced breed into your family, it's essential to understand the potential health issues they may face and to decide if continued breeding for these physical traits is something you want to support.
Animal rights activists consider breeding brachycephalic breeds to be unethical because breeding for these characteristics often result in severe health issues due to sought out physical traits. They argue that breeding for exaggerated physical traits prioritizes appearance over health, resulting in animals who will suffer from painful or debilitating conditions purely for aesthetic reasons. Brachycephalic dogs are prone to many conditions, explained below, with the most serious being Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS).
What Are Flat-Faced Dog Breeds?
Brachycephalic dog breeds are characterized by their shorter skulls and pushed-in noses. The term brachycephalic is derived from Greek, meaning “short-headed”. While this feature gives them their distinctive appearance, it can also make breathing more challenging. Despite their cuteness, these dogs can face serious health risks, especially regarding respiratory function. Most of these pups display loud and uncomfortable breathing noises.
Popular Flat-Faced Breeds:
Health Concerns
Brachycephalic breeds can experience various health problems related to their unique facial structure. Here are some of the most common:
1. Breathing Difficulties (Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome - BOAS)
Many flat-faced dogs suffer from Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), which leads to respiratory issues. Their shorter snouts restrict airflow, often resulting in labored breathing, snoring, and snorting. In severe cases, it can lead to collapse or necessitate surgery.
2. Heat Intolerance
Brachycephalic dogs are more susceptible to overheating because their airways can’t efficiently cool them down through panting. This makes them more prone to heat exhaustion and heat stroke, especially in hot weather or after exercise.
3. Eye Problems
Their shallow eye sockets can make their eyes more exposed and vulnerable to injuries. Many flat-faced breeds experience eye infections, ulcers, and even conditions like proptosis, where the eyeball partially dislocates from the socket. Proper care is essential to prevent these issues.
4. Dental Crowding
Shorter muzzles leave less space for teeth, which often results in dental crowding. This overcrowding can lead to a higher risk of gum disease and tooth decay, so regular dental check-ups are essential.
5. Skin Fold Infections
The wrinkles around their faces, while adorable, can trap moisture, dirt, and bacteria. This environment can lead to skin fold infections. Regular cleaning and monitoring are important to keep these areas healthy and free from irritation.
6. Cesarean Sections
The unique physical structure of these breeds, including a large head and broad shoulders relative to the mother's pelvic size, makes natural birthing difficult and often risky. In many cases, cesarean sections are performed as a preventive measure to avoid complications such as dystocia (obstructed labor), which can endanger both the mother and puppies. Brachycephalic breeds often face a high incidence of cesarean deliveries, sometimes reaching over 80% of births in certain breeds. While C-sections are generally safe, they do increase health risks, costs, and recovery time for both the mother and puppies.
Caring for Flat-Faced Breeds: Tips for Owners
If you’re considering bringing a flat-faced breed into your home or already have one, here are some tips to help manage their health:
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Regular Vet Visits: Regular check-ups are essential to avoid health issues and address them early.
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Monitor Temperature: Avoid high temperatures and humidity; keep your dog cool to reduce the risk of overheating.
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Weight Management: Obesity can exacerbate breathing issues, so maintaining a healthy weight is vital.
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Gentle Exercise: Flat-faced dogs can overheat easily, so provide short, moderate exercise sessions rather than intense physical activity.
Considering Alternatives
If you’re still weighing your options, consider adopting from responsible breeders with very thoughtful breeding programs or consider other breeds with fewer structural health issues. Many mixed breeds with slightly longer muzzles still retain a charming, flat-faced look but with fewer risks to their respiratory and overall health.
